Thermoelectric effects are the direct conversion of temperature gradients into electrical voltage and vice versa via thermoelectric materials. The most fundamental thermoelectric effects are the Seebeck effect, Peltier effect and Thomson effect. These effects describe the coupled transport of heat flow and electrical charge carriers in conductive and semiconductive materials. Thermoelectric devices are gaining traction in heating and cooling applications due to their solid-state nature without moving parts, noiseless, scalability, and environmental advantages.